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• Hard and soft c and g
• Silent letters (dge, igh)
• Three sounds of y
• au, ew, oy
• old
• plural-ies
• ie as
• Special sounds for a (as in water, ball, and palm)
• Open syllables
• Vowel diphthongs (oo,ow,ou,ay,ey,aw,oi,au)
•r-Controlled vowels
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• Initial consonant blends
• Final consonant blends
• Consonant digraphs (sh, ch, wh, th, qu, ph)
• Vowel digraphs (ie, oe, ee, oa, ai, ea, ee)
• Short vowel sounds
• Silent-e
• Sight words
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